CBSE 12TH CLASS GRAMMAR ALL TOPICS

TOPICS COVERED

NOTICE

INVITATION

REPLIES

POSTCARD 

ADVERTISEMENTS

NOTICE

GRAMMAR ; A notice is an official communication, which announces or conveys some information. A notice is usually affixed on the noticeboard by an organization or institution to announce an event, celebration, or some important information.

A notice may contain news /information about something that has happened or is likely to happen’ It may be a formal announcement of public importance, or an advance warning meant for compliance and information. A notice can ‘be about a meeting, an event, an excursion /a historical trip/a picnic, Lost and found, change of name/address/uniform/timings/venue etc. Notices are generally meant to be put up on specific display boards, whether in schools or in public places. Notices issued by the government appear in newspapers.

A notice is displayed at a prominent place, usually on a noticeboard where everyone can see it. As with all compositions, you have to take care of the following:

1. Format
2. Content
3. Language

Format:

• A notice should be written in the following format:
• A heading to introduce the subject of the notice
• The name of the organisation issuing the notice
• The title ‘NOTICE’
• The date
• The body of the notice
• The writer’s signature, name (in block letters) and designation

A notice should contain all the items shown in the format given below. The signature may be put in the right corner too. The date is sometimes put at the bottom of the page, in the left corner. people/organizations can show some variations. But it is ideal to follow a somewhat similar format for ease of understanding and uniformity. Let us look at the most used format of notices.

Content:

Notices should cover some important points that are to be communicated to the readers. Let us summarize the five points that the content of the notice will cover, the five W’s

You can see in the format given below that the content is put in two paragraphs. In the first paragraph, give all the information about the activity /event. In the second paragraph, write what the readers of the notice are expected to do.

1. What: What is the notice about? The notice should be clear about what is going to happen (event), or what has already happened (occasion). This is the crux of the message and should be written clearly. There should not be any ambiguity.
2. When: This is the time and the date of the event or meeting. If possible, the duration of the event should also be mentioned to people can schedule their time accordingly.
3. Who: This will be who the notice is addressed to? Who all are supposed to adhere to the notice should be clearly mentioned to avoid confusion?
4. Whom: And final detail should be whom to contact or get in touch with. This mentions who the appropriate authority is to contact.
5. Where: If the notice is about an event, then the location of such an event must be written clearly. The venue or the location are important details, so make sure to include this in the notice.

Language:

The language of the notice should be simple, clear, and formal. All notices should have a box around them.

TYPES OF NOTICE:

• Notice for meeting.
• Notice for events like competition/celebration/annual sports event/cultural festival/winter carnival etc.
• Notice for lost or found.
• Notice For tours /fairs/exhibitions/campaignas/seminars/workshops/debates/group talk etc.
• Notice for appeal/warning/guideline/message in-public interest.
• Notice for Change of name/residence/company/ bank account/timings etc.
  

SAMPLE

 

Example(1)  You are Arvind / Anushka, secretary of the Eco Club of your school. (Modern School, Bikaner) which is celebrating ‘Ban the Plastic Week ‘to create awareness regarding harms of plastic. Draft a suitable notice in not more than 50 words

MODERN SCHOOL , BIKANER(school Name)

15 Sept., 2019(date)                         NOTICE(at center)

BAN  THE  PLASTIC(heading in CAPITAL)

 

This is hereby inform to all the students of class……………that our school is going to organize

…..(program name)…… on..(date)…..at…(time)…… the venue the…( name of place)……..

the student who desire to take part please give their name to undersign.

Arvind(name of writer)

Secretary, Eco Club(designation)

 

FOR PRACTICE

• You are Amit/Amrita, Head boy/girl of your school. (Zenith Public School, Riwa) Your school is organizing a plantation of tree during the Autumn Break .Write a notice in not more than 50 words giving detailed information to the students and inviting them for joining it.

 

2) You are Ravi/Rachana, the sports secretary of RJ Public School, Ajmer. Write a notice in not more than 50 words asking students interested in Hockey to give their names for selection for the school Hockey Team. Give details of trial, selection etc. (5 marks)

3) Richa is the head girl of Mother Teresa School, Kochi. Her Principal has asked her to put up a notice , asking House Captains to submit names of volunteers for, ‘save water campaign’ for which a march is to be held on 20 August,2011. Write a notice in not more than 50 words. (5 marks).

 

 

INVITATION

Invitation – An invitation is a written or verbal request inviting someone to go somewhere or to do something. An invitation is a request, a solicitation, or an attempt to get another person to join you at a specific event. When you ask people to attend a party, visit your beach house, or witness your marriage, you invite them by giving them an invitation.

To invite someone for an occasion, we use the written form Invitation.

Invitations are generally printed cards through which we invite our guests on some auspicious occasions like wedding, birthday, wedding anniversary, house warming, the inauguration of a shop/factory, etc.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF INVITATION

1. Formal invitations
2. Informal invitations

It can be in the form of an invitation card, which is a formal way of inviting people. It can be also in the form of a note or a letter, which is an informal way of inviting people. For instance, inviting relatives, friends, colleagues etc. to attend some particular function or an occasion such as engagement, marriage, birth, death or public function is an informal invitation. It is an essential part of social etiquette. Informal invitations are addressed in freehand writing to friends and relatives. Formal invitations may be in the form of

1. Card or (b) Letter. They are addressed in a fixed format to a person in a department having a designation, with proper salutations.

Formal invitations:

• Formal invitations are written in the third person. The person who extends the invitation.
• Start with the designation of the organiser. writes his name.
• Then comes the name of the person, who is being invited.
• Details of date, time, venue of the even function. Date, venue, time should be clearly mentioned.
• In case, the party is organized at some other place, like a hotel, etc., then the complete address of the person, along with his contact number, has to be clearly mentioned.
• Some formal invitations like the wedding invitations carry the expression of RSVP, which means Rdpondez S’il vous, plait’; please reply.
• The address of the person who extends the invitation must always be given even if the function is organized at some other venue.
  

Informal invitations:

• These are like short informal letters.
• The salutation, subscription, address on the top are the same, like in an informal letter.
• These are always written in the first person.
• These letters are first/second person presentations.
• Fire writes address is given in the ueual place.
• The style and tone are relaxed and informal.
• Different tenses are used as the sense demands
• The date of writing is given, but the year is generally omitted.
• Personal feelings and emotions find an expression.

Formol (Refusal and Acceptance)

• I’ A formal reply is like a formal invitation, but it is not a card. It is a handwritten reply to the Invitation.
• It is written in the third person.
• The format will be the same as given in the invitation.
• No specific reasons are given for refusal. only expressions like prior commitment, etc. are used.
• In an acceptance reply, expressions Like ‘will be delighted to attend it, are used.

Informal (Refusal and Acceptance)

• These are written in the same format as in the informal invitation.
• These are written in the first person.
• A specific reason for refusal can be given

Value Points:

• Simple and elegantly printed
• Formal invitations are in 3rd person [she, he, they]
• Do not use abbreviations for the guest names, titles, days, and dates.
• Write the subject matter in the Centre. Other details like dress code may be put on the
• bottom corner L or R.
• A route map at the back if required.
  

SAMPLE

• The Literary CIub of your school is putting up the play’ waiting for Godot’. As secretary of the club, draft an invitation inviting the famous writer Sudeesh Gupta to be the guest of honour at the function. Write the invitation in about 50 words. You are Suyash/Shivani

Answer:

Sahran Public School Rajinder Nagar

New Delhi 1100XX 29th January 20XX Respected Sir

The Literary Club of our school is going to present the play ‘Waiting for Godot’ on I February

20XX in the school auditorium. We would be pleased if you accept to be the guest of honour for the same.

Kindly confirm.

Hoping for a positive reply. Thank you,

Yours faithfully Shivani Sethi

(Secretary, Literary Club)

• You have received an invitation to be the judge for a literary competition in St Ann’s School.

Send a reply in not more than 50 words, confirming you acceptance. You are Vikash Kajal

Answer:

Mr. Vikash Sharma thanks the Principal, St. Ann’s School for their kind invitation for judging the literary competition on 14th March 20XX. He accepts the invitation with pleasure and will reach the venue at 8 a.m. to judge the event.

Regards Vikash Sharma

• Mr. Ankit Mathur wishes to invite his friend Mr. Ritesh Sharma to his brother’s engagement party. Draft an informal invitation in about 50 words,

Answer:

12/16 Rajendra Nagar New Delhi

16th Jun 20XX My Dear Ritesh

You. Will be very_ glad. to know that my brother is getting engaged on 26th July 20XX. you and your family are cordially invited.

My parents are looking forward to having you with us at the engagement ceremony at our residence at 9 p.m.

Your friend Ankit Mathur

• Ms. Sonia Anand wishes to invite her friend for Bhoomi Puja at her residence in Karol Bagh. Design a formal invitation in about 50 words on her behalf.

 

REPLIES

A formal reply is usually very short. It is brief and to the point. The quality of a good reply is that it must always be pleasant. Even while declining the invitation or expressing inability to attend one must be polite and courteous. Formal replies demand a formal tone and treatment. There is no room for unnecessary details or superfluous matter in them.

An informal reply or private letter may, however, express personal feelings or desires in an intimate style and informal tone.

Main characteristics:

1. Formal Replies
   • Acknowledge the invitation.
   • Express thanks in third person.
   • Mention acceptance/regret.
   • Specify the reason for refusal.
   • Be brief and specific.
   • Be formal in tone and treatment.
   • Do not exceed the word limit.
2. Informal Replies
   • Acknowledge the invitation in first person.
   • Use second person for the sender of invitation.
   • Mention acceptance/regret.
   • Specify the reason in case of refusal.
   • Use warm and simple language.
   • Do not exceed the word limit.

Replies

• Replies Accepting or Declining
• Formal Follow a set formula:
  
• formal words: ‘kind invitation’, ‘great pleasure’, ‘regret’, etc.
• Use third person (‘they’) instead of first person (T, ‘We’)
• Address of the writer and the date to be written.

SAMPLE

• As the principal of a reputed college, you have been invited to inaugurate a Book Exhibition in your neighborhood. Draft a reply to the invitation in not more than 50 words, expressing your inability to attend the function. You are Tarun/Tanvi.

Answer:

• • You have received an invitation to be the judge for a literary competition in St. Ann’s School. Send a reply in not more than 50 words, confirming your acceptance. You are Mohan/Mohini. (All India)

• Answer:

 

• You are Sachin / Shama. You have been selected to represent your school in a seminar on

‘Education for

All’, organised by NCERT. Write a letter to the Professor In charge requesting her to send you a copy of the working paper prepared for the seminar to enable you to prepare yourself on the subject.

Answer:

• You are Aakash/Varsha. You have been invited to attend the wedding of your friend’s sister during summer vacation. Respond to the invitation, regretting your inability to attend it.

Answer:

 

 

POSTCARD WRITING

Postcards are convenient for sending brief messages, acknowledging receipt of letters and goods or for confirming some engagement already fixed. For a longer/private message, either an inland letter or an envelope is used.

Postcards are written in the same manner as letters. Hance the heading, the subscription and the name of the sender are essential in addition to the ‘message’ and the name and address of the Addressee.

Postcards are written in the same manner as an informal letter is written. IMPORTANT POINTS WHILE WRITING A POSTCARD:

• The place and date are written in the same line.
• The sender’s complete address is not written.
• The salutation, subscription, and sender’s name must be written.
• Write address of addressee in the appropriate space.

Front side

Back Side

SAMPLE

• Write a postcard to your father for his permission to go on education tour.

Ans:

Netaji Hostel Kendriya Vidyalaya Kolkata

4.9.2014

My dear Father

Our class teacher has arranged an education tour. The students of the class can avail this opportunity to go to Delhi and other places. I want to join this tour. Please send me your permission and the money for this purpose.

• Anupam Verma was on his way to a round tour of south India with his school party. At Sonepat, just before the Jhelum Express was due to arrive, he remembered something important It was that he issued a cheque for his friend, but he left it in his coat’s pocket. His friend was to collect it after 3 days and he was to ask his mother to give that to his friend. He decided to write a postcard to his brother, Arun, asking him to give the cheque to his friend when he called. He had only a few minutes before his train left. Write the postcard to Aran, using not more than 50 words.

Answer:

20 June 2016 Dear Arun

I forgot to ask you

 

• Puran Singh is to board the Shatabdi Express on way to Kolkata. At New Delhi railway station, just before the train is going to leave the station, he remembers that he has put the keys of the almirah among his books. He decides to write a postcard to his sister Sonu asking her to put the keys either at the mantelpiece or give them to mother. Write the postcard to Sonu, using not more than 50 words.

Answer:

15 March 2017 Dear Sonu

Now it is just 5 minutes for the train to leave. I suddenly remember that I left the almirah keys among my books. Please put them on the mantelpiece. Alternatively, you may give them to mother to avoid

 

 

PARAGRAPH WRITING

A series of sentences that are organized and coherent and are all related to a single topic is called Paragraph. Breaking the large sentence essay or topic into smaller pieces in a well- structured form is known as Paragraph. The lines that should include in a paragraph is at least three to five, not more. It includes topic sentences, supporting sentences as well as concluding sentences that refer to an overall structure, which is a group of sentences focusing on a single topic.

Paragraphs are the group of sentences combined together, about a certain topic. It is a very important form of writing as we write almost everything in paragraphs, be it an answer, essay, story, emails, etc. We can say that a well-structured paragraph is the essence of good writing. The purposes of the paragraph are to give information, to explain something, to tell a story, and to convince someone that our idea is right.

Paragraphs are blocks of textual content that segment out a larger piece of writing—stories, novels, articles, creative writing, or professional writing portions—making it less complicated to read and understand. Excellent paragraphs are an available writing skill for plenty of types of literature, and proper writers can substantially beautify the clarity of their news, essays, or fiction writing whilst constructing nicely.

Types of Paragraphs

There are four types of paragraphs that you need to know about: descriptive, narrative, expository, and persuasive. If you have a quick search on the web then you may found other types too but to make your paragraph simple and succinct, it’s a good idea to study just these four.

Having knowledge about what are the type of paragraphs is one of the most essential aspects while writing a paragraph. So, we thought of explaining a bit about paragraph writing types is a must. Okay, let’s start about it.

• Descriptive Type of Paragraph: This paragraph type describes the topic and displays the reader what’s the subject included in it. The terms selected in the description type usually appeal to the five senses of touch, smell, sight, sound, and taste. This type of paragraph can be more artistic and may vary from grammatical standards.
• Expository Type of Paragraph: It defines something or gives instruction. It may also explain a process and influence the reader step by step via a form of the method. This Expository Para usually needs research, but also, it’s possible to rely on the writer’s own knowledge and experience.
  
• Narrative Type of Paragraph: In simple words, this type of paragraph narrates a story that includes a sequence of topic sentences like a clear start, middle of the topic, an end to the paragraph.
• Persuasive Type of Paragraph: This kind of paragraph seeks to make the audience to admit a writer’s point of view or know his/her position. Persuasive paragraphs are often used by the teachers because it is beneficial when building an argument. Also, it makes a writer to research and collects some facts on the topic.

Parts of a Paragraph:

The basic paragraph consists of three parts: a topic sentence, supporting details, and a concluding sentence. This basic paragraph format will help you to write and organize one paragraph and transition to the next.

Concluding Sentence

It is the end of the paragraph which is also known as final statement about the topic. It ties all ideas given in the paragraph and emphasizes the main idea one last time. In the concluding sentence, the writer usually restates their topic sentence or summarizes the main points of the paragraph.

Topic Sentence

Often, the Topic sentence is the first sentence of a paragraph. Also, we can call an introduction sentence of a paragraph. It states the main idea of each paragraph and displays how the idea connects to the thesis or overall focus of the paper. All consequent points presented in the paragraphs must support the topic sentence.

Supporting Details

The supporting sentences explain more about the topic sentence by showing some facts, stats, or examples regarding the topic. It also includes the writer’s experience & own analysis and used to develop the topic sentence. The following are common origins of supporting details:

Expert Opinion

• Facts and Statistics
• Personal Experiences
• Others’ Experiences
• Brief Stories
  
• Research Studies
• Your Own Analysis
• Interviews

SAMPLE

 

• Write a descriptive paragraph on Coronavirus (COVID-19) within 150 to 200 words.

PARAGRAPH ON CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19)

The name “coronavirus” is derived from Latin “corona”, meaning “crown” or “wreath”, itself a borrowing from Greek “korone”, “garland, wreath”. Corona viruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause respiratory tract infection disease in humans. On December 2019, in Wuhan, China the outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus, which was given the interim name 2019-nCoV by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. COVID-19 affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate illness and recover without hospitalization. Most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, tiredness. Less common symptoms are aches and pains, sore throat, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis, headache, loss of taste or smell, a rash on skin, or discolouration of fingers or toes. Serious symptoms are difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, chest pain or pressure, loss of speech or movement. To prevent infection and to slow transmission of COVID-19, one should wash his hands regularly with soap and water, or clean them with alcohol-based hand rub, maintain at least 1 metre distance between oneself and people coughing or sneezing, avoid touching face, cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, stay home if one feels unwell, refrain from smoking and other activities that weaken the lungs and practice social distancing.

• Write a descriptive paragraph on THE IMPORTANCE OF TREES / MAN AND TREES / AFFORESTATION within 150 to 200 words

THE IMPORTANCE OF TREES

Trees are useful and beautiful gifts of nature. Forests help in maintaining the ecological balance’ which is so essential for preservation of life on this earth. Existence of man on earth, therefore, depends on forests. Forests provide immense wealth and riches for us. They yield timber and fuel wood, bamb0os, canes, leaves, fruit, fibers, and grasses. The other useful products from forests are shellac, resins. precious herbs and medicinal plants.

They are also great sources oi material for paper, rubber, and gums. Forests have a direct influence on the climate of a region. They induce rains and prevent air pollution. An area devoid of forests will go barren and turn out to be a desert in course of time. The roots of trees bind loose soil and thus help in soil conservation”. The top fertile soil is thus retained which is so vital for agriculture. Arrest of soil erosion also prevents silting and raising of riverbeds and possible overflowing of rivers causing floods. Forests protect us from inclement wind also. With increase in population and rapid industrialization, random deforestation has taken place. This has resulted in dwindling” rainfall, depletion in ground water level and Occurrence of droughts’, Forests are nature’s most precious gilts which feed us physically an aesthetically. They constitute the resource reservoir for human welfare and their management should be planned on a global level. The socioeconomic pattern of a particular continent or a country does get perceptibly influenced by forests. Indiscriminate felling of trees this depletes the forest wealth beyond redemption. The rehabilitation of forests and maintenance of proper forest cover and ecosystem are therefore the only way left to us or our survival.

• Write a descriptive paragraph on VALUE OF SPORTS / PHYSICAL EXERCISE / THE NECESSITY OF PHYSICAL FITNESS within 150 to 200 words.

VALUE OF SPORTS

The word SPORT stands for sincerity, punctuality, obedience, regularity, and tenacity. These are all essential qualities of a person to do well in life. The proverb runs-“All work and no play make Jack a dull boy. The strain of work and the monotony of the daily routine tire our body and mind. It tells upon our nerves. The sports can refresh them and supply fresh vigour to our body and mind. Hence there 1S a Latin proverb “men’s sane in compression”, that is ‘a sound mind in a sound body. On the contrary, a diseased body makes a mind diseased. So good health is most important in our life. We must remember that wealth or education 1S of little use to a person of ill health. So physical exercise is a must. But it varies according to age and sex of an individual. There are various kinds of sports and exercises like swimming. boating, running. jumping and games like football, cricket, hockey, tennis, badminton, volleyball, basketball, and exercises with the help of instruments etc. Everyone Can select a sport out his own choice and take part init. But what is important to know is that what is necessary and good for a particular manor woman may not be suitable and even may be harmful for another. In this respect advice of an expert in physical education is quite useful. So, there are physical instructors in schools and colleges to guide the students as we know the choice depends on age, ability, and opportunity for taking a particular physical Exercise. However, we must note that time

and space never stand in the way or physical exercise, as walking and deep breathing are also good exercises. A few minutes and a small open space are enough for it. So, none need stand aloof. We ‘should keep in mind that nutrition, healthy habits and disciplined life are essential for physical fitness. Sports have a great significance in our individual as well as our collective life. It builds our body and gives us more energy in work. It gives us skill., discipline, sense of co-operation and team spirit. Some games call forth courage and presence of mind. Sports and games are joyful activities to0. A true sportsman is frank, generous, and free from petty spite. These are sportsman-like qualities. Of course, Over- exercise is often more harmful than no exercise However, we should keep in mind that regularity must be maintained in physical exercises as it is the mainspring for getting any benefit from any physical exercise

• Write a descriptive paragraph on Global Warming: A Threat within 150 to 200 words.

GLOBAL WARMING: A THREAT

Global warming means the increase in the average temperature of the earth’s surface and oceans. his 1S caused by the gradual increase of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. These gases prevent the heat on the earth’s surface from escaping into space. As a result, the glaciers around the world have started melting. The ice in Antarctica is also melting very rapidly. The level of water in the oceans is steadily increasing. This threatens to wipe out many islands and coastal regions. Cities and towns situated near the rivers may be flooded completely. It is thought that the Gangotri glacier, the source of the river Ganga, would melt completely in the next fifty years. The water level of the Ganga will rise by several meters endangering all the cities and towns situated on its banks. Measures to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases should be taken immediately prevent a global crisis.

 

 

ADVERTISEMENTS

An advertisement is a paid promotional tool backed by an identified sponsor to call public attention to an offering or a brand. An advertisement is a public announcement made through a popular medium like newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and the cinema.

An advertisement may be displayed on a placard as well. It is non-personal, oral, or visual message regarding a product, a service, or an idea.

Purpose An advertisement attracts immediate attention of the public. It is a very potent tool for promoting sales or services. It is used to influence the minds, tastes and even motives of the masses. Remember, an advertisement is a play of words. It must be very attractive to catch the eye of the reader.

If you advertise something such as a product, an event, or a job, you tell people about it online, in newspapers, on television, or on posters in order to encourage them to buy the product, go to the event, or apply for the job.

• The players can advertise baked beans, but not rugby boots.
• The property was being advertised for sale in America.
• Religious groups are currently not allowed to advertise on television.

If you advertise for someone to do something for you, for example to work for you or share your accommodation, you announce it online, in a newspaper, on television, or on a notice board.

• We advertised for staff in a local newspaper.
• I shall advertise for someone to go with me.

If someone or something advertises a particular quality, they show it in their appearance or behavior.

• His hard sinewy body advertised his ruthlessness of purpose.

If you do not advertise the fact that something is the case, you try not to let other people know about it.

• There is no need to advertise the fact that you are a single woman.
• I didn’t want to advertise the fact that he hadn’t driven me to the airport.
• To present or praise (goods, a service, etc.) to the public, esp in order to encourage sales
• To make (something, such as a vacancy, article for sale, etc.) publicly known, as to possible applicants, buyers, etc. to advertise a job.
  

An advertisement is a powerful tool to promote products and services. It is meant to attract the attention of a target group. An advertisement is sent in public domain by print media or electronic media. Advertisements drafted for print media are published in newspapers, magazines, and periodicals.

An advertisement for the classified columns in a newspaper should be brief as the price to be paid for the advertisement very much depends on the space taken.

The following points should be kept in mind while writing an advertisement:

• Give a heading to the advertisement.
• Full sentences are not written. The message is conveyed in brief phrases.
• No punctuation except for full stops is used.
• Draw a box around the advertisement.

To make something known generally or in public, especially in order to sell it:

• We advertised our car in the local newspaper.
• He advertises his services on the company notice board.
• I’m going to advertise for (= put a notice in the newspaper, local shop, etc., asking for) someone to clean my house.
• There’s no harm in applying for other jobs, but if I were you, I wouldn’t advertise the fact (= make it generally known) at work.

Other advertisements in leaflets, or other spaces in a newspaper, can be written in full sentences using proper punctuation.

 

TYPES OF ADVERTISEMENT

 

• Broadcast Advertisements
• Print Advertisements
• Outdoor Advertisements
• Product Or Brand Integration
• Digital Advertisements
• Classified advertisements
• Display or commercial advertisements
  

• Broadcast Advertisements:

Broadcast advertisements are mass marketing tools that use broadcast mediums like TV and radio to spread the advertising message to a wider audience.

These ads rely more on visual communication and hence can target everyone with access to such mediums irrespective of their literacy level.

• Print Advertisements:

Print advertisement is a mass advertisement strategy that uses hard copy printed mediums like newspapers, magazines, brochures, flyers, etc., to communicate the advertisement message to the customers.

It is one of the oldest advertisement types that majorly target and cater to a literate audience.

• Outdoor Advertisements:

Outdoor advertisements or out-of-home advertisements are ads that reach customers out of their homes. They use mediums like billboards, buses, taxis, or street elements.

Outdoor advertisements can be digital or traditional, but all of them are targeted to a geographically oriented target audience.

• Product Or Brand Integration:

It involves brand or product placement in entertainment media like TV shows, OTT series, YouTube videos, etc., where the brand is interwoven within the script without looking salesy.

Instead of being interruptive advertisements, these ads form the script or a part of the entertainment media and communicate the message in a better-scripted manner.

• Digital Advertisements:

Digital advertisements are technology-powered advertisements that use online or digital paid channels to communicate the marketing message to the target audience. Such ads appear online or on digital channels like websites, search engines, social media platforms, mobile apps, and other digital channels.

• Classified advertisements:

These are printed under various categories such as situation vacant, situation wanted property for sale, matrimonial, and lost & found etc. These are very brief, occupy less space and are economical. These are written in a simple and concise language using short phrases and words. Articles and conjunctions are avoided, and prepositions are rarely used. Every advertisement must contain contact no. or address or both. Complete sentences are not written in classified advertisements.

• Display or commercial advertisements:

These advertisements are written for promotion/sale of products. They can be of any size or colour and contain a lot of illustrations, sketches, drawings, etc. Different fonts can be used to make them attractive. These occupy more space and so cost more to be printed in the newspaper

Objectives of Advertisements

Advertisements can be released with numerous objectives depending upon the type of business, marketing campaign, campaign requirements, etc. However, these objectives can be categorised into three prominent objectives –

• To Inform about the brand or offering and increase the brand awareness and brand exposure in the target market.
• To Persuade the customers to perform a specific task like buy or try a product or provide some information.
• To Remind and reinforce the brand message and reassure the target audience about the brand vision.

Besides these three main objectives, advertisements also focus on

• Building brand: One of the objectives of advertisements is to let the world know about the brand and build brand equity.
• Increasing sales: It aims to fulfil the short-term sales goal of the business.
• Creating demand: Advertisements aim to create both short-term and long-term demand for the brand and its offerings.
• Engaging with the target audience: Advertisements try to develop relationships with the target audience.
• Expanding customer base: Attracting new customers and expanding the existing customer base is one of the important objectives of advertisements.
• Changing customers’ attitudes: Sometimes, advertisements are important to

influence and change customers’ attitudes towards the brand or offerings.

Importance Of Advertisement

 

Advertisements are important for both the business and the customers.

For The businesses:

• They help differentiate the product: Advertisements aim to position the brand and offering uniquely in the customers’ minds. This eventually results in differentiating the offering from the competition.
• They lead to sales: Advertisements increase brand awareness and result in more sales as more and more people enter the brand’s sales funnel.
• They create awareness: Advertisements increase brand awareness and brand exposure and inform the target audience about the offering.
• They increase the brand’s goodwill: Advertisements reiterate the brand’s mission and vision and increase its goodwill among the target customers.
• They help build a favorable brand image: Smart advertising help develop a favourable brand image that aligns with the brand identity and helps the business achieve marketing objectives sooner.

For The customers:

• They increased awareness: Advertisements inform the customers about the available products in the market and help them choose the best product that would solve their problems or satisfy their needs.
• They make decision-making convenient: Advertisements communicate the brand message along with the benefits of the brand and offerings. This makes the customer decision-making process easy as the customers get to know what suits their requirements and budget better.
• They ensure better quality: Advertisements include numerous said and unsaid promises that the advertiser must fulfil to sustain in the market. This ensures quality as a brand wouldn’t want to waste money on false promises.
  

SAMPLE

• You are looking for a secondhand car. Draft an advertisement for the classified column of a newspaper, specifying your requirements in 50 words. You are Sumit /Sunita of A-40, Vinod Enclave Delhi.

Ans.

Wanted

Wanted second hand car in good condition should be no more than three years old. Medium sedan with mileage less than zone lakh kms, preferably owner driven without accidents. Honda, Hyndia, Tata, Ford, Toyota preferred. Documents should be in order. Please contact: Sumta, A40, Vinod Enclave Delhi.

• You are the General Manager of a leading company. You need a Chartered Accountant for your office. Draft an advertisement in not more than 50 words to be published in the Times of India, New Delhi, under the classified columns.

Ans.

WANTED

Wanted a chartered accountant for a leading manufacturing company. The applicant should have certification for practising as a chartered accountant. Experience in a similar company is desirable but not essential. The applicant should send their application with their CV and photograph to the Manager, HRD, Eicher Manufacturers, F 16, Connaught Place, latest by 20 August 20XX.

• Abha/Abhay has a very good knowledge of all the tourist attractions in Delhi. (S)He wants to work as a Tourist Guide. Draft a suitable advertisement for publication in the classified columns of a local daily.

Ans.

AVAILABLE

History graduate fluent in English, French and Spanish seeks employment with good private tour operators. Excellent communication skills and ability to handle groups up to 50 people. Familiar with Delhi monument buts. Contact Abhay Verma 9848XXXXXX. email: abhay@mail.com.

• You are Suyashi/Utkarsh, living at M-48, Wajirpur, Delhi. You want to sell off your mobile phone. Draft an advertisement for the classified columns of a national daily giving its details and the price expected.

Ans.

FOR SALE

Samsung mobile of Galaxy Series dual sim, dual camera, Android in good condition. Owner wishes to sell earliest as is where is basis. Minimum acceptable price 8000. Only cash will be accepted. Interested buyers. Contact: Suyashi, M-48, Wazirpur Delhi, Fix prior appointment calling 8432XXXXXX

 

More examples:

 

• They advertise clothes ‘for the fuller figure’.
• It is most expensive to advertise at peak viewing times.
• The concert was well enough advertised but ticket sales were poor.
• Teaching posts are advertised in Tuesday’s edition of the paper.
• The market for those dreadful compilation records you see advertised on TV is just another of life’s great mysteries..

Long Composition: Article Writing

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